Principle Of Good Governance In Islam

Guideline Of Good Governance In Islam Both the Quran and Sunnah have given some investigation the standards in the territories of sacred issues that can't be excluded from any administration framework. The Quran doesn't make reference to the specifics and subtleties and have been left for the Muslim Ummah to plan as indicated by time and spot. In the utilization of sacred standards or rules of Islamic political framework, general guidelines or crucial standards which are considered as the most elevated qualities majorly affect the development of the Islamic idea of the express, its capacities and its arrangement of government. The essential standards, ideas and rules are talked about beneath. The Concept of Sovereignty in the Islamic System The sway in Islam has a place with God. The Quran reveals to us that Allah (SWT) is the maker and Lord of the whole universe, including the mankind and all related with them. Thusly, Allah (SWT) is the person who has all the forces and characteristics of power and nothing whatever that has a place all over. Subsequently, nobody else can share the sway of the whole universe as it just has a place with Allah (SWT). Order is just for Allah. He has instructed that you don't submit to anyone however him. This is the Right Way of life, yet most men comprehend not. The standard of law in the Islamic System The standard of the standard of law in the Islamic framework is considered as a base or foundation where Islam was established on a stake and Shariah, since Islam came to evacuate treachery and oppression and battled to thump down a definitive force shaft. Hence, the fundamental standards contained in the Quran, Sunnah and accord (ijma) even in the century battling with oppression. Allah (SWT) says: O ye who accept! Obey Allah, and comply with the Messenger, and those accused of power among you. In the event that ye contrast in anything among yourselves, allude to Allah and His Messenger, if ye do have confidence in Allah and the most recent Day: that is ideal, and generally appropriate for last determinationâ [1]â . In another stanza Allah (SWT) says: O ye who accept! Obey Allah. Also, comply with the Messenger, and make not vain your deeds!â [2]â In this manner, the Islamic adjudicator must execute the Quran and Sunnah in all questions brought before him. On the off chance that he doesn't perform it, his conduct isn't satisfactory on the grounds that he neglected to satisfy the obligations of an adjudicator as indicated by Sharia. The Sunnah came to help, accentuate and explain these Quranic refrains. Prophet Muhammad (SAW) said that: Submission of an individual is denied, on the off chance that it is viewed as noncompliance to the maker (Allah)â [3]â . Prophet Muhammad (SAW) additionally said that: Each demonstration that doesn't adjust to our request is rejectedâ [4]â . In the Islamic framework, everybody, from heads of state, government and individuals, are dependent upon the law. The Prophet (SAW) himself is dependent upon, and is the most devoted to the Quran. He was Abd Allah wa rasuluh, the worker of God and his flag-bearer. The head of state and the head of government can't summon any insusceptibility from prosecution. The rule, Be you high, the law is above you has consistently been there in Islamic law, to incorporate the Prophet (SAW) himself. Not long before he kicked the bucket, the Prophet (SAW) gave the accompanying short discourse: I depend on God that I have made legitimate just those things that the Quran caused legal and I to have made unlawful just those things that the Quran made unlawful. On the off chance that I have taken the cash of any of you, here is my cash, let him come and take it, and in the event that I have lashed the body of any, here is my body, let him reclaim his rightâ [5]â . Similarly, Abu Bakr, the primary replacement and caliph of the Muslim state, in his acknowledgment discourse stated: O individuals! I have been delegated over you, yet I am not the best of you. Bolster me in the event that I did great and evacuate me on the off chance that I did severely a frail individual of you is solid before me as long as I keep up his ideal for him. What's more, a solid one of you is powerless before me until I reclaim a privilege from him Obey me as long as I obeyed Allah and his Messenger. On the off chance that I defied them there is no compliance of me upon youâ [6]â . The past stanzas bolstered by the hadith shows that each debate inside the Muslim people group between people, gatherings of individuals, or among individuals and the legislature, or among the parts the administration and individuals, must be decided by the essential law we got from Allah (SWT) and His Messenger. As per this standard, the nation must have an establishment that decided among the individuals of the Quran and Sunnah, and the foundation is a legal power. The Doctrine of the Separation of Powers and Independence of the Judiciary Separate parts of government have various capacities isn't a thought that is in opposition to the Shariah. There is no point by point remedy about the type of government in the Quran. What is clear is the objective of the state and the rules that ought to be trailed by the administration. Subsequently the plan to advance great administration, composed by the Shariah, is good with Islam. Moreover, the teaching of legal autonomy is an established rule in Islamic constitution. Judges are free and dependent upon no other position however the law. In Islam, there are various perceived foundations may share for all intents and purpose with equitable types of government. For instance, the emir might be compared to the Prime Minister or President who is the main government or official body; get together, which is perceived in both Islam and vote based system as a way to talk about the laws and strategies made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã£ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹by the administration, which perceived both Islam and popular government, and to wrap things up, the legal executive. Thusly, in Islam, the standard of check and equalization as rehearsed under the principle of partition of forces can be worked out. Besides, it has been asserted that the convention of division of forces has been utilized at the hour of the Prophet in the city state. As-shura As-shura is one of the most significant sacred standards in the Islamic constitution. The verification of the significance of shura is to be found in the Quran and Sunnah. In one of the two clear stanzas on it in the Quran, shura is referenced as compulsory and in the other refrain, it is referenced that the individuals who practice it are adulated. The entire arrangement of the Islamic state from its origin to the determination of the leader of the state and each one of those in places of intensity just as its dealings must be led by shura, regardless of whether it is helped out legitimately or in a roundabout way through chose or chose agents. The Quran expresses that: The individuals who notice to their Lord, and build up ordinary Prayer; who (direct) their issues by shared Consultation; who spend out of what We present on them for Sustenance.â [7]â Indeed, even the Prophet, despite the fact that he was the beneficiary of direct direction from the Supreme Allah, was order ed. Allah says: Counsel them in undertakings (of second). At that point, when thou hast taken a choice put thy trust in Allah. For Allah adores the individuals who put their trust (in Him).â [8]â Following this exhortation and lead, Caliph Umar scolded that: There is no khilafah without consultation.â [9]â Consequently, the act of shura is the instrument followed at all phases in the choice of political initiative by Muhammad and his adherents. It was the primary Muslim chosen four khulafah direction, in spite of the fact that the choice and endorsement process changes. The significant standard is reality and responsibility and open trust in those chosen by the network. Much after that when creeping genetic principle disregarding this network right, veil loyalty, or acknowledgment of government despite everything held. Equity Islam has given to the equity position is so notable as the law may have past arrangement of law, old or new, that had given him. There are numerous sections of the Quran that talk and appreciate equity, general request incorporating every single human issue. In one of the refrains of the Quran in which getting a charge out of equity has been for the most part and unqualifiedly requested, Allah says: Allah orders equity, the doing of good, and charity to friends and relatives, and He precludes every single disgraceful deed, and bad form and resistance: He teaches you, that ye may get admonition.â [10]â In another refrain of the Quran, it is expressed that: Allah doth order you to render back your Trusts to those to whom they are expected; And when ye judge among man and man, that ye judge with equity: Verily how great is the showing which He giveth you! For Allah is He Who heareth and seeth all things.â [11]â Equity in the Islamic political framework, including social equity, which implies that the legislature ought to orchestrate to address and fulfill the issues and wants of the considerable number of individuals as they have a legitimate piece of the state and the wellspring of true blue residents of the nation. This incorporates the arrangement of occupation, methods for means and financial equity. This thus proposes it is the duty of the administration to give food, haven and garments for all the individuals in the state. Monetary equity focused on fair conveyance of way of life and checks the centralization of riches in a couple of hands. That is the reason the second Caliph Umar would not partition land among the Muslim warriors and officers in regions vanquished by Muslims in Iraq, Iran and Syria. No one but equity can make discipline in life of the individuals. It is additionally significant that the organization of equity, which implies that all state officials are likewise dependent upon responsibility and they don't have to consider and regard the individual as a slave or individual colleague. They ought not affront the individuals in any way. They ought to be straightforward and effectively in direct open undertakings. It ought to be guaranteed that the grouping of riches in a single class or not many hands didn't occur. There is positively no uncertainty, that the administering rule of Islam is a lot of the most far reaching logical and standards of productive organization. Opportunity Co

The AT T Breakup free essay sample

Reasons for divestiture impacts on firm open. Foundation, rivalry, five fragments after separation, merger action, publicizing advancement, financial matters administrations. ATT (once in the past American Telephone and Telegraph) is the universes biggest media communications organization offering types of assistance, items and frameworks to customers, organizations, governments and other telecom organizations. At once, AT had the broadest, most progressive correspondences organize on the planet, and made Bell Labs, a chief maker of media communications hardware. In 1984, AT had to strip into discrete organizations; the organization remade its business to incorporate significant distance, PCs and assembling. In late 1995, the organization declared that it would strip into three separate organizations along its specialty unit lines. This exploration inspects the conditions which prompted the 1984 separation, and whether that divestiture profited the American open.

Birmingham

Birmingham Birmingham bûr ´mingham? [key] 1 City (1990 pop. 265,968), seat of Jefferson co., N central Ala., in the Jones Valley near the southern end of the Appalachian system; founded and inc. 1871. The largest city in the state, it was long a leading iron and steel center, the Pittsburgh of the South. Industry has diversified since the 1970s to include textiles, chemicals, automotive parts, and aircraft production. Health-care services, commerce, banking, insurance, research, and government are also important. A leading New South city, Birmingham developed rapidly with the expansion of railroads and, connected with the Gulf of Mexico by canal, became a trade and communications center. The city was the scene of unrest during the civil-rights struggles of the 1960s; on Sept. 15, 1963, four young black girls were killed in a church bombing. In 1979 the city elected its first African-American mayor. The Birmingham Civil Rights Institute, comprising a museum, archives of the period, and r esearch facilities, opened in 1992. Local educational institutions include the Univ. of Alabama Medical Center, Birmingham-Southern College, Miles College, and Samford Univ. Overlooking the city, on nearby Red Mt., is a huge iron statue of Vulcan, the Roman god of the forge. 2 City (1990 pop. 19,997), Oakland co., SE Mich., on the River Rouge; settled 1819, inc. as a village 1864, as a city 1933. It is largely residential. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

How to Homeschool Art Instruction

Are you one of those adults who claims to be unable to draw a stick figure? If so, you may be perplexed when thinking of how to homeschool art instruction. Many parents feel they can handle reading, writing, and arithmetic, but when it comes to more creative pursuits such as art or music instruction, they may find themselves at a loss. Adding creative expression to your homeschool doesn’t have to be difficult, even if you don’t feel particularly creative yourself. As a matter of fact, art (and music) can be one of the most exciting and relaxing homeschool subjects to learn alongside your student. Types of Art Instruction As with music instruction, it helps to define exactly what you plan to teach within the broad subject of art. Some areas to consider include: Visual arts. Visual arts are probably what  come to  mind first for most people when thinking of art. These are the art pieces created for visual perception and include artforms such as: PaintingDrawingSculptureCeramics Visual arts  also includes other artistic disciplines that we may not initially consider when thinking of art, such as jewelry-making, filmmaking, photography, and architecture. Art appreciation. Art appreciation is developing a knowledge and appreciation of the qualities that comprise great and  timeless works of art. It includes the study of the different eras and styles of art, along with the techniques of various artists. It will include study of various works of art and training the eye to see the nuances of each. Art history. Art history is the study of the development of art  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ or human expression  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  through history. It will  include a study of artistic expression  throughout various periods in history and how the artists of the period were influenced by the culture around them  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ and perhaps how the culture was influenced by the artists. Where to Find Art Instruction With so many different types of artistic expression, finding art instruction is usually just a matter of asking around. Community classes. It’s not difficult to find art lessons within the community. We’ve found city recreation centers and hobby shops often offer art or pottery classes. Churches and synagogues may also have resident artists who will offer art classes to their members or to the community. Check these sources for classes: Library, church, or community center bulletin boardsArt studios and art supply shopsHomeschool newsletter classifiedsFriends and relatives - word-of-mouth among  homeschooling families is second to noneChildren’s museums Art studios and museums. Check with local art studios and museums to see if they offer classes or workshops. This is especially likely during the summer months when art day camps may be available. Continuing education classes. Inquire at your local community college or check their website for continuing education classes  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ online or on campus  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ that may be available to the community. Homeschool co-ops. Homeschool co-ops are often an excellent source for art classes since many co-ops focus on electives, rather than core classes. Local artists are often willing to teach such classes if your co-op is willing to host them. Online lessons. There are many online sources available for art lessons  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ everything from drawing to cartooning, watercolor to mixed media art. There are countless art lessons of all varieties on YouTube. Book and DVD lessons. Check your local library, bookseller, or art supply store for book and DVD art lessons. Friends and relatives. Do you have artistic friends and relatives? We have some friends who own a pottery studio. We once took art lessons from the friend of a friend who was a watercolor artist. A friend or relative may be willing to teach art to your children or a small group of students. How to Include Art in Your Homeschool With a few simple adjustments, you can seamlessly weave art into the other activities in your homeschool day. Keep a nature journal. Nature journals provide a low-key way to encourage artistic expression in your homeschool. Nature study gives you and your family an opportunity to get outside for some sunshine and fresh air while providing plenty of creative inspiration in the form of trees, flowers, and wildlife. Include art in other courses, such as history, science, and geography. Include art and art history in your history and geography studies. Learn about the artists and type of art that were popular during the time period you’re studying. Learn about the style of art associated with the geographic region you’re studying since most regions have a particular style for which they are known. Draw illustrations of the scientific concepts you’re studying, such as an atom or an illustration of the human heart. If you’re studying biology, you might draw and label a flower or a member of the animal kingdom. Purchase curriculum. There is a wide variety of homeschool curriculum available to teach all aspects of art  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ visual art, art appreciation, and art history. Shop around, read reviews, ask your homeschool friends for recommendations, then, make art a regular part of your homeschool day (or week). You may wish to choose loop scheduling to include it or make some simple adjustments to make time for art in your homeschool day. Include creative time each day. Offer your children time to be creative each school day. You don’t have to do anything structured. Simply make art and craft supplies accessible and see where your creativity takes you. Get in on the fun by sitting down and creating with your children during this time. Studies have suggested that coloring helps adults combat stress, making adult coloring books wildly popular right now. So, spend some time coloring with your children. You could also paint, draw, sculpt with clay, or recycle old magazines into creative collages. Do art while doing other things. If your kids have trouble sitting quietly during read-aloud time, occupy their hands with art. Most types of artistic expression are relatively quiet activities, so your children can create as they listen. Combine your study of art with your study of music by listening to your favorite composers during your art time. Online Resources for Homeschool Art Instruction There are a wide variety of resources for art instruction available on line. Following are just a few to get you started. NGAkids Art Zone by the National Gallery of Art offers a variety of interactive tools and games to introduce kids to art and art history. Met Kids The Metropolitan Museum of Art offers interactive games and videos to help kids explore art. Tate Kids  offers kids games, videos, and fresh ideas for creating art. Google Art Project  provides the opportunity for users to explore artists, mediums, and much more. Art History Basics  by Kahn Academy  introduces students to art history with a variety of video lessons. Art for Kids Hub  offers free videos along with a variety of art lessons in different media, such as drawing, sculpting, and Origami. Mixed Media Art Workshops by Alisha Gratehouse features a variety of mixed media art workshops. Homeschooling art instruction doesn’t have to be complicated or intimidating. On the contrary, it should be fun for the whole family! With the right resources and a little planning, it’s easy to learn how to homeschool art instruction and include a bit of creative expression in your homeschool day.

Political Novels - List of the Best Political Fiction

Why was the Supreme Court built in 2010 and how effective has it been at upholding civil liberties Free Essays

The Supreme Court was introduced in 2010 as a replacement for the House of Lords as the top law court of justice in the UK, Wales and Northern Ireland. This court has cost approximately 59 million pounds to build and was officially open on 1st October 2009. The enactment of the Supreme Court came about under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (The Supreme Court [Online], 2010) and currently stands as the chief justice in the UK. We will write a custom essay sample on Why was the Supreme Court built in 2010 and how effective has it been at upholding civil liberties? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main focus of this essay is to examine how The Supreme Court prioritises in the development of the United Kingdom Law thus playing an important task at maintaining fundamental individual rights. Being the most prominent judiciary in the UK, it is also vital to see the difference between The Supreme Court and the previous House of Lords Committee in which The Supreme Court has replaced. The major differences are visible in terms of power and the impact it has on the British Constitution. The main reason The Supreme Court was built is due to the Government’s decision on separating the judicial making functions and the legislative duty of the House of Lords, making this the last step in separation of powers. Lord Philip, 2009) stated that it has come to a situation where the adjudicator are absolutely separated from the Legislature and Parliament. (Raynsford, 2010) claimed that it was right for the Prime Minister, prior consultation from the Parliament, to relocate the Ultimate Court of Appeal (The Supreme Court) from the House of Lords as to avoid confusion between the role of the House of Lords and the role of the Court of Appeal. In addition, this separation of power avoids the judiciary from holding absolute power, thus discouraging corruption and bias from the judiciary through politics and media. (Casciani, 2010) stated that after the running of the Supreme Court, 12 Law chancellor from the House of Lords who were hearing appeals in the Parliament is now the Justices of the Supreme Court and are no more partaking in the House of Lord’s affair. Before the enactment of the Supreme Court, senior judges that are currently in the House of Lords were nlightened to apprehend cases that are of great significant to the public and constitution inside the House of Lords itself (The Supreme Court [Online], 2010). They were eligible to vote for the outcome of the cases and sometimes, if any, would have a major relation to personal political interest. However, with a new key reform in place, Parliament will be responsible for making law on favour of the electorate whilst the judges from the Supreme Court focus on the fairness of the new law when applied to cases (BBC News, 2010). Lord Falconer, 2009) suggested that this new reform would strengthen the judiciary, making it possible for the judiciary to go against the executive’s decisions (Prime Minister and his Cabinet) Moreover, a leading judge has told BBC that Britain’s Supreme Court could be more authoritative than the House of Lords department and Lord Neuberger anticipate that the new court of appeal could hold more power than the government (Rozenberg, 2009). It is believed that the judgment of the justices from the Supreme Court will affect the decisions in the lower courts which, in this case, apply to all the courts in the UK (BBC News, 2010). The Supreme Court also emphasise on corruption issues involving governing authorities in Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland, making sure that they abide and commit within the powers granted to them or whether they successfully complete the duty given to the authoritative government in each state. Lord Neuberger argued that there is a real danger that judges will seize more power than what they currently have (Rozenberg, 2009). Therefore, it is likely that the Supreme Court operates the way the United State’s Supreme Court functions which, upon the Court’s decisions, bind every local law in individual states. For instance, if The Supreme Court decides to change the laws in London (the Capital city), other cities have to follow. (Lord Philips, 2009) stated that such situation is ‘possible’ but is ‘not probable’. However, although the Supreme Court has shown many advantages so far in America, criticisms have arisen on the decisions made by the Supreme Court claiming that it weakens the Court as an institution where the institution is the ultimate guardian under the Constitution of the rights and liberties (Fraenkel, 1960). Lord Phillips who has commented on various contentious subjects in the past states that there was no reason to why Sharia law could not be used to resolve disputes amongst Muslims provided that the sanctions complied with the laws of England and Wales. Furthermore, he openly defended the Human Rights Act, calling it â€Å"a crucial constituent of the basic of our fight against terrorism† and was responsible for handing down the judgement requiring the Director of Public Prosecutions to clarify with certainty the law on assisted suicide (Mitchell, 2011). Lord Phillips added that the decree of the Human Rights Act by the previous administration was an absolute contribution to the maintenance of the rule of law in this country and one for which it deserves great credit (Rothwell, 2010). The Human Rights Act 1998 has played its part since the World War on protecting civil rights and allowing immigrants into the UK where Human Rights are not considered vital in their own country. (Lord Philips, 2009) emphasised on the importance of Human Rights, claiming that the rise and support of terrorism lies in the feelings of discrimination in individuals. Therefore, the need to protect every individual’s family members from discrimination in their foster country is vital. However, Charles Clarke criticised the Supreme Court, claiming that the judiciary do not hold inconsiderable accountability for defending the public and occasionally ignorant about their decisions on how it would affect the public society (Rothwell, 2010). Lord Philips defended the liberty of The Supreme Court stating that the judiciary is only responsible for applying the laws that have been constitute by Parliament, not creating it (Rothwell, 2010). Another case reported in BBC news where the Supreme Court is proven to be effective in its duty to defend individual rights is shown when two homosexual men who said they faced persecution in their homeland have the right to asylum in the UK as ruled by the Supreme Court. According to the judgment made by Lord Hope in the case, to restrain a homosexual person to act that his state does not suppress the attitude by which to distinct itself is to deny his domestic right to be who he is hence homosexuals are as much entitled to the freedom which are given to the people who are traight (BBC, 2010). Ultimately, this essay has thoroughly examined the historic foundation of The Supreme Court, its motive to why the government took a stand on separating the Court of Appeal (The Supreme Court) from the House of Lords as well as the colossal impact it has ranging from the public society to the British Constitution. Even though the advantages outweigh the disadvantages, some disadvantages should be considered such as one stated by Charles Clarke, the previous Lord Chancellor in the House of Lords, claiming that the judiciary does not consider the public’s well being. I am very conscious that I have failed to spot on a few vital and intriguing points and other matters on this subject. The Supreme Court is credibly to be not perfect and widely opens itself to criticism, Although the Supreme Court is new (2010) it may seem to remain as the highest court of appeal for all UK’s domestic cases and criminal cases from Wales, Northern Ireland and England, flourishing as the top court in the UK and uphold its liberty as the forefront in the case law world (The Supreme Court, 2010). Biblography * Casciani, D., 2010. Supreme Court quashes Treasury terror assets order. [Online] Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8482630.stm Assessed on May 1st 2011 * Fraenkel, O.S., 1960. The Supreme Court and Civil Liberties: How the Court has protected the Bill of Rights. p.4. * Mitchell, N., 2011. Pen Portraits – Lord Phillips. UKSC Blog. [Online] Available at: http://ukscblog.com/pen-portraits-lord-phillips Assessed on May 1st 2011 * Raynsford, N, 2009. Creation of the Supreme Court [Online] Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ojsQA2W81I Assessed on May 2nd 2011 * Rothwell, R., 2010. Lord Phillips defends Human Rights Act. Law Society Gazette. [Online] Available at: http://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/lord-phillips-defends-human-rights-act Assessed on April 25th 2011 * Rozenberg, J., 2009. Fear over Supreme Court impact. BBC News UK. [Online] Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8237855.stm Assessed on May 2nd 2011 * Supreme Court, 2010. Gay asylum seekers from Iran and Cameroon win appeal. BBC News UK. [Online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10180564 Assessed on May 4th 2011 * Supreme Court, 2010. Role of the Supreme Court, [Online] Available at: http://www.supremecourt.gov.uk/about/role-of-the-supreme-court.html Assessed on May 4th 2011 How to cite Why was the Supreme Court built in 2010 and how effective has it been at upholding civil liberties?, Papers

Management of Mental Illnesses Is Significant To Clinical Practice

Question: How Management Of Mental Illnesses to Clinical Practice ? Answer: Introduction The theories of nursing are structured pieces of ideas that present a systematic method of a situation in nursing (Alligood, 2013). The various actions in the profession of nursing is based on set of theories. Theory offers an individual with perspective to view a particular situation and act on it purposefully and systematically. Nurses use theory to gain a perspective to view a client situation, organise relevant data of clients encountered on a day-to-day care, and to analyse and interpret the information (King, 1981). Theories include general proposition as a principle of explanation that ensures clarity in action and patient outcomes. In nursing practice, Mid-range nursing theories, are commonly used. These theories are more concrete in nature and presents concepts at a specific level and lower level of abstraction. These theories hold great promise in nursing profession in promoting theory based research. These theories improve nursing practice strategies (Riegel et al., 2012). These theories explain specific patient care phenomena such as pain management, and explain the concepts related to the phenomena. The applicability of the theory depends on the clarity of concepts, simplicity, and generalisability such that it can easily fit into practice (Townsend, 2014). Management of mental illnesses is significant to clinical practice. According to Rogers and Pilgrim, (2014) mental illness can be defined as any condition or disease that influences an individuals ability to think, behave, feel, relate to others and surrounding. Serious mental illnesses can lead to severe distress and disability which detoriates the quality of life. The syndromes, which are considered as serious mental illnesses, includes eating disorder, schizophrenia spectrum, personality and anxiety disorders (O'Donnell et al., 2011). There are range of factors causing mental illness including genetic, environmental stressors, biology and psychological trauma. Mental illness is the matter of grave concern due to its rapidly increasing rate worldwide. One-third worlds population is comprised of childrens and adolescents. It was reported by Kieling, (2011, p.1515) that neuropsychiatric disorders are the leading cause of health related burden. Mental illness accounts for disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost in 15-30% of the cases the first thirty years of life. The report by Kieling, (2011, pp.1518) mentioned that universal interventions both selective and indicated are directed at all children particularly focusing on those who are at high risk for developing mental disorders either due to the proximal risk factors or other clinical symptoms. However, the challenges of these interventions are the characterisation of the patients at whom the interventions will be targeted. Kieling, (2011) suggested that the children and adolescents can be benefitted both concurrently as well as in the long run by early interventions for their mental il lness. According to Doornbos, (2002, p.2) Doorknobs Family Health Theory, families can provide substantial amount of care for their young adults with persistent mental illness more than a mental health care professionals. It was mentioned by Sieloff Frey (2007) that family members undergo severe stress dealing with their young adults having mental illness, which in effects their own mental health. Therefore, Family Health Theory suggests identification of the factors predicting family health. This action will assist in developing interventions for promoting the family health and support them in critical work of caregiving. Corrigan et al. (2014) explained that the effect of family-perceived stigma on care seeking may be mediated by family burden, and includes both subjective (mental distress due to illness ) and objective (daily constraints life) components. There is a lack of adequate government mental health policies for children worldwide. Therefore, it hampers guiding the system implem entation, service development and undermines efforts to ensure the accountability of the allocated resources for programme development. Therefore on World Fit For Children the UN resolution endorses the commitment that every child has the right to develop to its maximum potential in order to gain sound physical, emotional and mental health (Kieling, 2011). This report particularly deals with Doorknobs Family Health Theory (FHT) (2000). The theory is critically analyzed using the guidelines of Chinn and Krammers (2015). The critical analysis of the theory is provided in terms of clarity of concept, accessibility and strength and weakness of the theory for improving nursing performance. The analysis will reveal possible interventions for adults with persistent mental illness and ways to enhance family caregiving. Purpose of the theory Dr. Mary Molewyk Doorknobs proposed the Family Health Theory (FHT) in the families of adults with persistent mental illness.The propositions of the theory highlight the importance of the role played by the family in caregiving and its impact on the health of the family system. This middle range theory developed from the Kings systems framework of family health in these families (Mary, 2000). As a family struggles to manage the mental illness of their young adults, they undergo a change in their own health system. This theory predicted some of the factors directly related to the familys health. It includes familys perception of the clients symptomatology, coping, professional communication, stressors, and time since diagnosis of the mental illness. Thus, the goal of the theory is to develop nursing interventions to assist family in their role of care giving (Doornbos, 2002). Relationships This section deals with different concepts and relationships that are to be taken into consideration, as nurses tend to develop effective interventions to reach one goal that is management of mental illness and assistance to the family. It includes three dynamic interacting systems mentioned by King, (1995) - personal, interpersonal and social. The theory of family health emphasise on the role of family in understanding the clients illness. It explains the relationship between the family functioning and the client symptoms. It is crucial in nursing practice to consider the family perception and verify together with the perception of the nurses to specific goals. This is an essential step as it pertains to the familys perception of the client symptomatology (King, 1981). For instance, in a case of schizophrenia one family is burdened with the members distortion of the normal function whereas some other family is burdened with the loss of function symptom in the member. Therefore, King, (1983) stated that the family burden is increased to a greater level with the perceived degree and the frequency of the symptomatology. The variable of time in families of adults with persistent mental illness, plays an important role in understanding the responses of the family to the illness over time (King, 1990). The time variable helps in assisting the family member by understanding their cumulative experience since the time of diagnosis of illness. FHT emphasise the nurses to help the family members to cope up with the event of the mental health problem by categorising their various coping methods into positive or negative. Implementing FHT in nursing practice requires nurses to be effective in identifying and addressing family and client stressors by effective intervention. Stressors are common in family burdened with the mental illness of their member which include employment, marital, intrafamily, financial, grief, loss, legal, and mental health (Lazarus Folkman, 1984). The vital concept in the nursing practice is professional communication. It is essential to meet the greatest need of the families of person with persistent mental illness which is communication between themselves and health care professionals. Nurses can decrease the family burden by attending and actively listening their concerns, supporting them in their efforts to cope up with the members mental disorder (Alligood, 2010). Educational interventions and providing critical information increases family functioning and client outcome, which is the major goal for nursing practice (Webb et al., 2016). As the family members undergoes tremendous stress dealing with the mental illness. Therefore, the goal of the nurses is to help and restore families health according to Kings theory (1990) and enhance their adaptive capabilities and strengths. Assumptions of the theory According to Doornbos, (2002) the theory is based on the following assumptions- There is a positive association between the family stressors and the familys perception of the clients symptomatology There is negative relation of the time since diagnosis of the mental illness with the family stressors The familys capacity to cope up with the young adults mental illness is positively associated with the family health The family health and the level of the family stressors is negatively associated The family health and the amount of professional communication is positively associated Changes occurring over time FHT was developed from the Kings conceptual system using a deductive approach. In 1981, Kings framework was developed based on the concept of three interacting system which are- personal, interpersonal and social system. FHT has selected six of these concepts, which are perceptions, coping, time, stressors, communication and health. Each of these was then applied to address the families of young adults suffering from persistent mental illness. The theory was empirically tested twice and underwent several changes. First concept was changed from familys perception of client level of health to familys perception of clients symptomatology keeping the concept of perception consistent from the Kings theory. There was a change in the theoretical definition of the term family health maintaining consistency with the Kings conceptualisation. It presently emphasises more on the familys satisfaction rather than their ability with their functioning. After the first empirical testing, the concept of professional communication was added to FHT realising this essential and informational component of the human interactions. Clarity of theory Doorknobs Family Health Theory (2000) utilizes comprehensive terminologies, and the ideas applicable to understand the focal theme was quite rational. She made use of the primary variables constituting a range of factors to assess the outcomes of health in family members of the adults suffering from persistent mental health illness. Each of the five variables comprising of the family perception of clients symptomatology, family coping, professional communication, family stressors and time since diagnosis of mental illness has been discussed in elaboration. All the three potential vulnerable population including the client, the family and the professional intervention has been well addressed. The understanding of the sociology of mental health and illness in connection with the immediate responses from the family members is imperative to foster quality healthcare service to the patient and necessary support to the family as well. Prevention of mental disorder and promotion of mental h ealth has been unanimously accepted as the best remedy to cure the ensuing illness (Rogers pilgrim, 2014). The theme of perceptions and beliefs associated with the persons with mental health disorder has been identified as essential to ensure better recovery (Lvvik eta l., 2014). The variability to ones reaction to a particular condition, different adaptive mechanisms and professional intervention are further highlighted as important determinants of mental health outcomes (Furnham Kirkcaldy, 2015). The theory further corroborated with the ideas of predicting the health status of the family members relating to the stressors in the concerned members that is very much realistic. Overall, all the propositions are discussed in an impeccable and easy manner that aids to the understanding of the key issues and thereby has implications for translation into research. Simplicity of theory Management of mental illness is a vast and complicated subject. Therefore, theories related to this subject are also complicated for a reader. FHT is a complex theory with six components that is familys perception of client symptomatology, coping, stressors, time since diagnosis of the mental illness, professional communication and family health. The difficulty lies in execution of the guidelines of the theory. There is a lack of clear establishment of the linkage between the family health and family care giving efforts. Therefore, it is difficult for the nurses to develop interventions without understanding the mutual relationship between these concepts (Chinn Kramer, 2015). Some of the concepts are well understood such as the need of professional communication between the nurses and the family and its significance in achieving health related goals. In addition, there is also a direct relationship between the familys perception of the clients health and stressors and consequently t he experience of family health. Overall, it is a complex theory involving six concepts which may prevent development of supporting interventions to sustain familys health. A theory with two to three concepts would have been ensured simplicity and uts applicability in nursing practice and research. Generalisability of theory Family health theory is generalisable to apply to families with different mentally ill members. The theory signifies the role of family in caregiving their members with persistent mental illness. This theory . However, this theory is not generalisable to other settings such as rehabilitation and primary care where the goal is to encourage mentally ill patients to self-care and be independent. This theory cannot be generalised for various populations who might experience mental illness such as older adults. Moreover, the linkage between the family health and family care giving efforts is not well understood. In addition, there is lack of more representative sample in terms of familys socioeconomic status, gender of the household respondents, and cultural diversity which is also limiting factor in the generality of the theory. The proponent of the theory recommends further investigations for future practice. Mental health nurses can apply this theory in research and practice to see it effects on families who can provide better care to their loved ones with mental illness based on this theory. Additional research can be carried out to develop instrumental and supporting interventions for families to deal with mentally ill. Thus, this theory influences the caregiving abilities of the families by addressing their basic needs (Doornbos, 2002). Accessibility of theory The reach of the family health theory is very far as it effectively addresses the empiric indicators of health outcomes of the adult family members with persistent mental illness patient. The health outcome predictors as suggested in the theory are both quite easily detectable and accessible. In the theory three pivotal dynamic and interacting systems comprising of personal, interpersonal and social. The battle of the family with persistent mental illness has been the topic of research for many in the past few decades. Green et al. (2014) have suggested guidelines for the future patient centered treatment and empirical research in connection with the patient with serious mental illness within a learning mental health care system that might be liked with this theory. Further research has indicated that the response of the family to critical illness might affect the carergiving actions rendered by them to the ill person (Davidson, Jones Bienvenu 2012). Thus the manner in which these f amily members are incorporated into decision making and care regime through adequate support and professional communication of the healthcare workers will cause a great impact upon the health outcomes as well. Thus verification of the information regarding the beliefs and notions of the concerned family members starting from the time since diagnosis of mental illness is necessary to forecast the health outcomes. The healthcare practitioners has immense scope of applying the assumptions as discussed in the theory to harbor better clinical outcomes and foster holistic mode of care to the desired population without encountering any significant issues whatsoever. With the rising global burden for mental disorders consideration of all the aspects of the family health theory shows promise in rendering quality delivery of care. The prioritization of the physical health problem over mental health issue has added to the agony of the family and hence increasing the stress component in them. H owever, case appropriate and prudent intervention mostly through education and awareness from the healthcare workers and nursing professionals ends might alter the situation. The improvement in the caregivers health can be directly correlated with the alleviation of the probable stress factors. Thus prevention programs as designed by the healthcare personnel might relive the economic burden of mental illness for the family as well and creating a positive impact on them (Ditton, 2013). The propositions of the theory are thus relatable to the nurses and other healthcare workers engaged in mental health care setting. The explanation of the ideas and concepts is very much consistent and may be suitable for predicting and providing beneficial health outcomes in the family with persistent mental health illness patient. Importance of theory The family health theory in the context of families of adults with persistent mental health illness has got great implication in terms of estimating the health outcomes and recommending necessary measures to mitigate the perpetual and nagging issues due to mental health illness. There lie immense opportunities for the nursing professional to undertake both verbal and non-verbal mode of communication as mentioned in the theory to effectively interact and extract optimum benefit out of such communication and alleviate the stress levels in the vulnerable family members who are endowed with the negative thoughts and perceptions. The health related goals can be further effectively addressed by means of following the useful propositions of the theory. Taking clues from the theory derived ideas similar studies pertinent to the recent times may be referred to where adequate emphasis has been laid upon strengthening the family resilience in order to achieve the expected clinical outcome. Faci litation of the family resilience by virtue of passage through crisis, transition and persistent challenges has been the focus of such research in an effort to combat the highly demanding situations due to mental health illness (Walsh, 2015). Hence the nursing schools and institutes must arrange for relevant learning modules and teaching strategies that will empower the nursing students to effectively apply the ideas retrieved from the family health theory into clinical practice. The knowledge regarding appropriate professional intervention through either interactive approach or other psychotherapeutic techniques will enable them to better understand and act accordingly for the caregivers who are encountering issues due to mental illness in the patient in the family. The greatest significance of the theory may be perceived from the fact that it takes into consideration multiple issues that probably undermines the dormant factors causing adversity for the caregivers to care for the patients with mental illness. The stigma linked to mental illness often impedes the caregivers and other people associated to provide care for the patient to seek and participate in mental health program. Stigma has been defined as a complex constructs that encompass self, public and structural constituents influencing the mental illness victim, their supporting team consisting of the family members, healthcare network and community resources. Advocacy of mental health literacy in conjunction with cultural competence and family recruitment in the care regime will therefore lessen the impact of mental health issue and associated health costs in case of the caregivers due to prolonged association with the problem. In this respect policy change is encouraged to address the issue and promote mental health awareness program (Corrigan, Druss, Perlick, 2014). The fundamental goal of nursing to help out individuals and groups with their distinct needs to attain, maintain and restore health may be achieved through this theory by paying attention to the circumstances of the family members of patients with persistent mental health illness. A study examined the efficacy of the family intervention program to educate the relatives of the patients with schizophrenia and thereby helping them to cope better with the situations generated positive outcomes. The findings indicated that the relapse rate could be effectively minimized by incorporating the family into the treatment program and hence accounted for decreasing the load of mental pressure on the caregivers to a large extent (Pitschel-Walz et al., 2015). Thus the theory has the potential to enable the nursing professionals with enough training and expertise to deal with the family members of persistently me ntally ill patients that might add to their improved health outcomes and quicker recuperation from the distressed state. Strengths and weakness of theory The family health theory is a distinguished and holistic theory that is driven by the fundamental principles that can very reasonably attend to the family health outcomes in the concerned population where persisting mental health illness is a prevalent issue. One of the vital strength of the theory arises from the attention being laid upon the independent predictors of family health ranging from the adaptive mechanisms of the family, perceptions of the family regarding the symptoms in the patient, stressors affecting the situation and other associated factors. The propositions of the theory may be corroborated with the research findings that lay importance in collaborative trail of progress including the family members together with the client and the therapist to ensure that the goals of clinical intervention has been attained (Bitter, 2013). Thus, this theory may be implemented in nursing practice in the form of succinct guidelines to facilitate rapid learning outcomes among the nu rsing students. Unlike any other theory, the family health theory also has its own limitations and loopholes. The foremost identifiable drawback is concerned with the factor that consider the time since diagnosis of mental illness for the family to predict their health outcomes. The impact of this variable has generated contradictory responses through empirical research findings that relate the variation in results due to passage of time with either increased or decreased burden of mental health illness in the client. The cumulative experience of the family has not been addressed satisfactorily in the theory and therefore requires further extrapolation and elaboration for future consideration. Another less understood aspect of the theory attribute to the concept of stressors that underpin the family health outcomes. Although certain specific type of stressors such as the ones including intrafamily, financial, employment, marital, illness related, grief and loss, legal transition and mental healthcar e system stressors have been mentioned, yet the degree and exact impact of this factor has not been well assessed (Bush et al., 2015). Therefore psychiatric mental health nursing with the concepts matching evidence based practice to devise suitable nursing intervention is of utmost necessity to resolve the issues because of the impact of stress (Townsend, 2014). However, careful consideration of all the confounding factors can help to mitigate the negative health outcomes in the family of patients with persistent mental health illness thereby promoting health and wellness among them (Riegel, Jaarsma, Strmberg 2012). The specific mental health issues those are likely to impact the behaviors and health outcomes of the family also need to be appropriately identified in order to render quality healthcare facility in such cases. Implications for refinement research and practice The propositions and assumptions of the theory attended to the causes for the burden among the family caregivers with patients of persisting mental health illness. In real life situations the degrees and frequencies of the onset of symptoms related to mental illness may further affect the stress generation of the family members or caregivers. The orientation and working of the family gets severely affected due to presence of such perpetual problems. The various novel coping methods as carried out by the family members culminate in producing either positive or negative effects that might cause easier management or subsequent deterioration of health as per the given circumstance. In this regard the refinement of the theory is appreciable to identify the accurate and case appropriate remedy that may be applied to treat the condition holistically. Hence design of suitable interventions is absolutely necessary to alleviate the hazards and improvise education and consultation including the patient and the family together. Research has revealed that certain serious mental illness such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or major depression may be effectively addressed through family incorporation into treatment protocol for making informed decisions (Burden, 2013). The theory may be well utilized under such circumstance to analyze the feasibility of the prospective interventional technique. The three chief factors in the family health theory consisted of the client, family and professional component. Careful analysis and due importance given to each of the component will therefore ensure better health outcomes for the family as a whole. The theory may be used by the nurses to test the reliability and validity of the theoretical framework provided. Comparison of the efficacy of this theory with respect to other theories can hence highlight about the actual benefits of using the theory. Numerous current and previous empirical researches have brought to the forefront the importance of family accommodation representing clinical data that are worth evaluating, supervising and identifying in clinical care setting. Family health in such cases may be positively affected due to implementation of therapies targeting family accommodation (Lebowitz et al., 2014). The applicability of the theory into real life practice has not been indicated anywhere. However, considering the utilities and clarity of the propositions mentioned in the theory itself it is expected that the nurses will abide by the theoretical guidelines to allow for the generation of positive outcomes. Prior to the actual trial of the theory into clinical practice the nurses may need to do a thorough and in depth investigation so as to be on guard against the possible drawbacks that might negatively impact the health outcomes in the family members having patients with persistent mental illness. In this context the reference may be cited for a study that inferred that need based short term psycho educational intervention meant for the family members of the schizophrenic patients might extract advance outcomes for both the family as well as the patient (Sharif, Shaygan, Mani, 2012). Therefore, utilization of the family health theory into clinical practice will enhance the profess ional competency as well as pave the way for consecutive research on this topic. Conclusion Management of mental illness is debilitating for the family and other caregivers. It requires a holistic approach for the nurses to assist the family to maintain their health and ensure client outcomes. Implementing theory-based practice is a hallmark of professional discipline like nursing. The central theme of nursing mid range theories revolves around physical and social environment around the human beings with the goal of the health. The major element of the Family Health Theory is identified in the interpersonal system where the family and the health care professionals interact to seek help in restoring their health and in turn care for the young adults with the persistent mental illness. After careful analysis of the FHT using the guidelines provided by Chinn Kramer, (2015) it can be concluded that FHT is a clear theory constituting a range of factors to assess the outcomes of health in family members of the adults suffering from persistent mental health illness. The health care professionals, nurses and adult patients can all use this theory to harbor better clinical outcomes and foster holistic mode of care to the desired population. Although the theory has drawbacks it is significant to be applied in research and practice. The theory is important for nurse to understand their practice and develop best interventions necessary to alleviate the hazards and improvise education and consultation including the patient and the family together. The strength of the theory is the enhancement of the family caregiving role and their health as they struggle to cope with the illness. However, the complexity of the theory due to six concepts limits its applicability. This middle range theory provides a framework for this initiative as it integrates the client, family and professional components into the practice. Thus, it is an important initiative in nursing practice to protect the health of the families struggling with the mentally ill member. Formulation of such theory accompanied by empirical testing is promising to the science of nursing. References Alligood, M. R. (2013).Nursing theory: Utilization application. Elsevier Health Sciences. Bitter, J. R. (2013). Theory and practice of family therapy and counseling. Cengage Learning. Burden, T. O. F. (2013). Current issues in family research: can the burden of mental illness be relieved?. Helping families cope with mental illness, 2, 309. Bush, P. W., Drake, R. E., Xie, H., McHugo, G. J., Haslett, W. R. (2015). The long-term impact of employment on mental health service use and costs for persons with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services. Chinn, P., Kramer, M. (2015). Knowledge development in nursing: Theory and process (9th ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier Mosby. ISBN 978-0-323-31652-1 Corrigan, P. W., Druss, B. G., Perlick, D. A. (2014). The impact of mental illness stigma on seeking and participating in mental health care. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 15(2), 37-70. Davidson, J. E., Jones, C., Bienvenu, O. J. (2012). Family response to critical illness: Postintensive care syndromefamily. Critical care medicine, 40(2), 618-624. Ditton, M. (2013). Quality in Delivery of Mental Health Services. INTECH Open Access Publisher. Doornbos, M. M. (2002). Predicting family health in families of young adults with severe mental illness. Journal of Family Nursing, 8(3), 241-263. doi:10.1177/10740702008003006 Furnham, A., Kirkcaldy, B. (2015). Lay Peoples Knowledge of Mental and Physical Illness. InPromoting Psychological Well-Being in Children and Families(pp. 14-32). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Geary, C. R., Schumacher, K. L. (2012). Care transitions: Integrating transition theory and complexity science concepts.Advances in nursing science,35(3), 236-248. Green, C. A., Estroff, S. E., Yarborough, B. J., Spofford, M., Solloway, M. R., Kitson, R. S., Perrin, N. A. (2014). Directions for future patient-centered and comparative effectiveness research for people with serious mental illness in a learning mental health care system. Schizophr Bull, 40(Suppl 1), S1-94. Kieling, C., Baker-Henningham, H., Belfer, M., Conti, G., Ertem, I., Omigbodun, O., ... Rahman, A. (2011). Child and adolescent mental health worldwide: evidence for action.The Lancet,378(9801), 1515-1525. King, I. (1981). A theory for nursing: Systems, concepts, process. New York: John Wiley. King, I. (1983). Kings theory of nursing. In I.W. ClementsF. B. Roberts (Eds.), Family health: A theoretical approach to nursing care. New York: John Wiley. 87-99. King, I. (1990). Health as the goal for nursing. Nursing Science Quarterly, 3, 123-128. King, I. (1995). A systems framework for nursing. In M. A. Frey C. L. Sieloff (Eds.), Advancing Kings systems framework and theory of nursing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 14-21. Lazarus, R., Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer. Lebowitz, E. R., Panza, K. E., Su, J., Bloch, M. H. (2014). Family accommodation in obsessivecompulsive disorder. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. Lindgren, E., Sderberg, S., Skr, L. (2016). Being a parent to a young adult with mental illness in transition to adulthood. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 37(2), 98-105. doi:10.3109/01612840.2015.1092621 Lvvik, C., verland, S., Hysing, M., Broadbent, E., Reme, S. E. (2014). Association between illness perceptions and return-to-work expectations in workers with common mental health symptoms.Journal of occupational rehabilitation,24(1), 160-170. Mary, M. D. (2000). King's systems framework and family health: The derivation and testing of the theory. Journal of Theory Construction Testing, 4(1), 20. Retrieved from https://www.lib.uwo.ca/cgi-bin/ezpauthn.cgi?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/219180388?accountid=15115 O'Donnell, E. M., Ertel, K. A., Berkman, L. F. (2011). Depressive symptoms in extended-care employees: Children, social support, and work-family conditions. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 32(12), 752-765. doi:10.3109/01612840.2011.609958 Pitschel-Walz, G., Leucht, S., Buml, J., Kissling, W., Engel, R. R. (2015). The effect of family interventions on relapse and rehospitalization in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Focus. Riegel, B., Jaarsma, T., Strmberg, A. (2012). A middle-range theory of self-care of chronic illness. Advances in Nursing Science, 35(3), 194-204. Rogers, A., Pilgrim, D. (2014).A sociology of mental health and illness. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Sharif, F., Shaygan, M., Mani, A. (2012). Effect of a psycho-educational intervention for family members on caregiver burdens and psychiatric symptoms in patients with schizophrenia in Shiraz, Iran. BMC psychiatry, 12(1), 1. Sieloff, C. L., Frey, M. A. (Eds.). (2007).Middle range theory development using King's conceptual system. Springer Publishing Company. Suresky, M. J., Zauszniewski, J. A., Bekhet, A. K. (2014). Factors affecting disruption in families of adults with mental illness. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 50(4), 235-242. doi:10.1111/ppc.12047 Townsend, M. C. (2014). Psychiatric mental health nursing: Concepts of care in evidence-based practice. FA Davis. Walsh, F. (2015). Strengthening family resilience. Guilford Publications. Walton-Moss, B., Gerson, L., Rose, L. (2005). EFFECTS OF MENTAL ILLNESS ON FAMILY QUALITY OF LIFE. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 26(6), 627-642. doi:10.1080/01612840590959506 Webb, M., Peterson, J., Willis, S. C., Rodney, H., Siebert, E., Carlile, J. A., Stinar, L. (2016). The role of empathy and adult attachment in predicting stigma toward severe and persistent mental illness and other psychosocial or health conditions. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 38(1), 62-78. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.17744/mehc.38.l.05 Wei, S., Cooke, M., Moyle, W., Creedy, D. (2010). Health education needs of family caregivers supporting an adolescent relative with schizophrenia or a mood disorder in taiwan. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2010.04.003